FUNCTIONAL PLANNING OF BUILDINGS
There are certain general essential factors which an architect should bear in mind while planning a structure.
ESSENTIAL FACTORS OF PLANNING
1. ASPECT:
- The term aspect was formerly used to mean the regulation of admitting more or less sunshine in the room.
- But its meaning has now been given wider scope and it includes the arrangement of doors and windows in the external walls of buildings, particularly of residential buildings, so as to fully enjoy the natural gifts of sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc.
2. CIRCULATION:
● The term circulation is used to mean the link between the various rooms and floors of building.
● The proper provision of circulation makes the building comfortable and convenient.
The circulation in a building is of two types:
I. Horizontal circulation:
● If the circulation is on the same floor, it is known as horizontal circulation and it includes passages, corridors, halls and lobbies, all such means of horizontal circulation should be sufficiently lighted, well ventilated, straight, definite, independent and short to grant comfort and convenience to the users.
II. Vertical circulation:
● For achieving access to the upper floors, stairs or staircases or lifts are provided.
● All stairs and staircases should be well-designed and they should satisfy the minimum requirements regarding layout, treads, risers, width, pitch, headroom, light, landings, handrail and ventilation.
3. ECONOMY:
● As a matter of fact, the economic factor is not one of the principles of planning.
● But in actual practice, (if the architect is unable to control his scheme within the financial limit of the client, the project miserably fails.
● It is, therefore, of utmost importance for an architect to know well in advance the amount the client intends to spend for the project and advance the amount the client intends to spend for the project and accordingly, he should proceed to finalize his scheme
4. ELEGANCE:
● The term elegance is used to indicate the architectural effect produced by elevation in relation to width, height position of doors and windows, materials employed in construction of exterior walls, etc.
5. FLEXIBILITY:
● The plan of the building should be prepared by keeping in mind the future requirements.
● In fact, the design should be such that with minor, adjustments, it becomes possible to satisfy future needs when the occasion arises.
6. FURNITURE REQUIREMENTS:
● The architect should bear in mind the furniture requirements of a room orspace in a structure
7. GROUPING:
● The placing of various rooms or units of a structure in correlation of their functions and in due proximity with each other is known grouping and the correct grouping grants the status of a balanced design.
8. PRIVACY:
● One of the important requirements of good planning is the privacy offered to the occupants.
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External privacy:
It indicates the privacy of all parts of the building as a whole from neighboring buildings, public streets and byways. External privacy can be achieved by screening entrance, planting of trees, etc. -
Internal privacy:
It indicates privacy of different rooms in a structure and it can be achieved by correctly positioning the openings.
9. PROSPECT:
● The term prospect is used to mean the external views as seen from certain rooms of the building and it is thus dictated by the surrounding peculiarities of the site of the project.
10.ROOMINESS:
● The term roominess is used to refer the effect derived from space of a room i.e. its length, width and height.
● The planning of room should be such that maximum benefit is obtained from the minimum dimensions of the room.
11.SANITATION:
● As a principle of planning, the term sanitation is used to mean architectural hygiene and it includes broadly the following four components:
(i) Cleanliness
(ii) Lighting :-
Natural lighting, Assisted lighting, Artificel lighting
(iii) Sanitary units
(iv) Ventilation
ORIENTATION OF BUILDING
● Orientation is the process of fixing the position of other direction with respect to the direction of rising sun i.e. east.
● In case of building, orientation is the art of placing different rooms of the building along different directions to get the maximum benefit of sun light, wind and for getting encouraging views of nature.
⮚ Suggestions for obtaining optimum orientation
During the planning of building the following points to be kept in mind, for getting optimum orientation:
Cross ventilation:
- Sufficient number of windows& ventilators provided to make comfortable condition inside the room Windows or vents placed on opposite sides of the building give natural breezes a pathway through the structure. This is called cross-ventilation.
Placing of wall:
- Long wall of the building should be placed towards North&South
- Long wall of the building should not be given in East or West
- Projections should be given in East or West; this can reduce heat inside room since heat doesn’t fall directly on the walls.
Projections:
- Projections in the form of balconies , verandhhas , weather sheds etc., placed on east and west sides , the adjoining room remains comparatively cool
Roofs:
- Roof should be provided with water proofing treatment and pitched roof should contain valley gutters , overhang eaves etc., for draining water
Treatment of ground
- Ground surrounding the building provided with grass of trees
- It helps to reduce the temperature inside the building
Wind direction:
- Orientation of the building should be such that the advantage is for enjoying the natural breeze.
NOTE
|
Room
|
Recommended aspect
|
Influencing factor
|
| Bed room | West or south west |
To receive plentiful of breeze in summer
|
| Kitchen | East and rarely north east |
To receive morning sun which is germicides. It purifies
|
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